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Intermittent Fasting and Huel

What is Intermittent Fasting?

Intermittent fasting (IF) is an eating pattern of cycling between periods of eating and voluntary abstinence from food[1]. It’s much more about when you eat rather than what you eat. During eating periods there are no restrictions on what can be eaten contrary to other popular diets. Depending on who you talk to, what is allowed during fasting periods varies. Generally, water and non-caloric beverages such as coffee and sugar-free soft drinks are allowed. There are also diets that allow food consumption during “fasting” days albeit at a much lower calorie intake than non-fasting days.

IF is different from prolonged fasting, which is loosely defined as the abstinence of food for over 48 hours[2] and which comes with its own risks and possible benefits. There may be no pattern to prolonged fasting, unlike IF.

Types of Intermittent Fasting

Time-restricted feeding

Eating takes place during a restricted window of time. For instance, the 16:8 diet involves fasting for 16 hours per day and eating within an eight-hour window, e.g. 12pm-8pm.

Alternate day fasting

A day of eating followed by a day of fasting.

Modified fasting regimes

On “fasting” days some food can be eaten, typically 20-25% of daily calorie needs. The most popular of these regimes is the 5:2 diet, which requires, for two days a week, a calorie intake of 500kcal for women and 600kcal for men.

Religious fasting

The most well-known example is Ramadan, which requires Muslims to not eat or drink anything during daylight hours for 29/30 days. This is often very different from fasting undertaken through dietary choice where eating during daylight hours, in line with circadian rhythms, is more common.

Considerations

Non-fasting days can be valued a bit too much like a treat. During periods of eating a balanced, nutritious diet should still be consumed and will make the fasting days a little easier. A diet high in fibre, fruits and vegetables, and protein will help with satiety. IF is not a free pass to eat whatever you want without gaining weight. Calories in vs calories out still applies, which you can find out more about here.

During fasting days, particularly when starting out, some symptoms may arise such as headaches, dizziness and a lack of energy and concentration. These symptoms can be reduced by staying properly hydrated.

What IF does well is simplicity. The rules are easy to follow, which can help some stick to this eating pattern.

The Theory

There are many ideas around why IF might be beneficial. One of the most prominent focuses on circadian biology. The human body has an internal clock that operates on an approximate 24-hour cycle (circadian rhythm) and influences a number of processes such as sleep[3]. Circadian rhythms are affected by the environment, notably light and darkness[4]. When there are environmental disturbances, such as working a night shift, this has a negative effect on the body’s internal clock and metabolism, consequently impacting health[5].

Feeding and fasting can affect the body’s circadian clock[6]. The thought is IF is more aligned with this clock than modern eating patterns and so leads to metabolic benefits[7]. Eating the majority of calories earlier in the day rather than late at night may also exert health benefits in much the same way[7].

From an evolutionary perspective, this is quite logical. Our ancestors did not have constant access to food and likely went through periods with no food, i.e. fasting[8]. On top of this, food was either gathered or hunted during the day and eaten relatively soon after its procurement suggesting an eating pattern during daylight and fasting at night[9].

Fasting may be an opportunity for the body to “reset” and repair[10]. Evolutionary proponents suggest this allowed our ancestors to prepare and be ready again to search for food.

Moreover, fasting periods can result in the body using up all its glycogen stores. This leads to the body switching from glucose as an energy source to ketones. Ketones are provided by the oxidation of fat, which could help to preserve muscle mass, amongst other roles, hence the theory behind IF providing benefits beyond a reduction in calorie intake[10].

The Evidence

There are many benefits touted for IF; some have more evidence behind them than others. As IF is still a relatively new research area, many of the effects have only been seen in cells or in animals and are yet to be replicated in humans, which is important to remember.

Potential benefits with relatively strong evidence include a reduction in C-reactive protein (a blood marker of inflammation), total cholesterol and triglycerides[11, 12]. The issue is that these positive results are hard to separate from the effects of weight loss, which causes similar changes and occurs in a large proportion of the studies on IF.

Weight Loss

One of the main reasons people undertake IF is for the purpose of weight loss. A smaller eating period can naturally result in fewer calories consumed over the week. IF could reduce the body’s compensatory mechanisms that cause a decrease in energy expenditure with weight loss through the inclusion of non-fasting days, i.e. days where calories are not restricted[13]. However, this is currently still a theory without sufficient practical data to support it.

Increased fat oxidation is often put forward as a strong benefit of IF[14]. Contrary evidence has shown that participants who skipped breakfast had the same oxidation of carbohydrates and fats over 24 hours as those who didn’t[15].

A similar lack of difference has been shown in overall weight loss between IF and controls, which is usually a continuous calorie restriction diet. This has been replicated in several randomised control trials with different IF regimes up to 2 years in duration[16-18]. What’s more is adherence to an IF diet is comparable to other diets[19, 20].

An interesting benefit of IF could be the maintenance of free-fat mass (FFM), in other words muscle, during weight loss resulting in favourable changes in body composition[21, 22].

Ageing and Life Extension

IF has been touted as a diet for increasing life expectancy, but should this be the case? This belief centres around the concept of autophagy. Autophagy is the breakdown of the components within cells during metabolic distress to provide a nutrient source to those cells[23]. Examples, where autophagy can be increased, include exercise and a lack of available nutrients, e.g. during starvation[23].

In relation to life extension, the general theory is that fasting induces autophagy which helps to clear up damaged components in the body, thereby keeping cells healthy. IF, and calorie restriction in general, increases the rate of autophagy and reduces oxidative stress[24].

Animal models provide evidence that calorie restriction and IF could delay the ageing process. The mechanisms for calorie restriction and IF in ageing appear to share several similarities[25, 26].

Calorie restriction studies conducted in rhesus monkeys offer some insight. They illustrated a lower incidence of ageing-related deaths and a stalled onset of age-related diseases and so may suggest delays in the onset of ageing[27]. Improvements in metabolic profile and a possible reduction in oxidative stress have also been highlighted[28]. Nonetheless, there was no increase in life pointing towards the fact calorie restriction effects in long-lived animals are complex and likely dependent on a variety of environmental, nutritional and genetic factors[27].

Moving the conversation on to humans, the outcomes are unclear, and due to the restrictions required to study over whole lifetimes, we may never fully know.

Summary

Overall, it’s important to determine what works for the individual. IF has straightforward guidelines; however, this doesn’t necessarily make it any easier to follow than other diet regimes[19, 20]. IF is not a way to be healthy while eating a poor-quality diet, but it can be a method that leads to greater control over dietary choices.

There are many different IF regimes, allowing flexibility in which regime to follow. On the other hand, this complicates research comparisons and real-life application. IF research is still in its infancy so it’s advisable to remain open-minded in respect of health claims made regarding IF at this stage.

References

  1. Patterson RE, et al. Intermittent Fasting and Human Metabolic Health. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015; 115(8):1203-12.
  2. Wilhelmi de Toledo F, et al. Safety, health improvement and well-being during a 4 to 21-day fasting period in an observational study including 1422 subjects. PLoS One. 2019; 14(1):e0209353-e.
  3. Chan M-C, et al. Circadian rhythms: from basic mechanisms to the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2012; 40(1):246-53.
  4. LeGates TA, et al. Light as a central modulator of circadian rhythms, sleep and affect. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014; 15(7):443-54.
  5. Boivin DB, et al. Impacts of shift work on sleep and circadian rhythms. Pathol Biol (Paris). 2014; 62(5):292-301.
  6. Couto Alves A, et al. Fasting and time of day independently modulate circadian rhythm relevant gene expression in adipose and skin tissue. BMC Genomics. 2018; 19(1):659-.
  7. Paoli A, et al. The Influence of Meal Frequency and Timing on Health in Humans: The Role of Fasting. Nutrients. 2019; 11(4):719.
  8. Crittenden AN, et al. Current views on hunter-gatherer nutrition and the evolution of the human diet. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2017; 162 Suppl 63:84-109.
  9. Rowland NE. Order and disorder: temporal organization of eating. Behav Brain Res. 2012; 231(2):272-8.
  10. Longo VD, et al. Fasting, Circadian Rhythms, and Time-Restricted Feeding in Healthy Lifespan. Cell metabolism. 2016; 23(6):1048-59.
  11. Patterson RE, et al. Metabolic Effects of Intermittent Fasting. Annual Review of Nutrition. 2017; 37(1):371-93.
  12. Tinsley GM, et al. Effects of intermittent fasting on body composition and clinical health markers in humans. Nutr Rev. 2015; 73(10):661-74.
  13. Ganesan K, et al. Intermittent Fasting: The Choice for a Healthier Lifestyle. Cureus. 2018; 10(7):e2947.
  14. Byrne NM, et al. Intermittent energy restriction improves weight loss efficiency in obese men: the MATADOR study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2018; 42(2):129-38.
  15. Bak AM, et al. Prolonged fasting-induced metabolic signatures in human skeletal muscle of lean and obese men. PLoS One. 2018; 13(9):e0200817-e.
  16. Ogata H, et al. Effect of skipping breakfast for 6 days on energy metabolism and diurnal rhythm of blood glucose in young healthy Japanese males. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2019.
  17. Schübel R, et al. Effects of intermittent and continuous calorie restriction on body weight and metabolism over 50 wk: a randomized controlled trial. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2018; 108(5):933-45.
  18. Lantz H, et al. Intermittent versus on-demand use of a very low calorie diet: a randomized 2-year clinical trial. J Intern Med. 2003; 253(4):463-71.
  19. Cioffi I, et al. Intermittent versus continuous energy restriction on weight loss and cardiometabolic outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Transl Med. 2018; 16(1):371.
  20. Harvie M, et al. Potential Benefits and Harms of Intermittent Energy Restriction and Intermittent Fasting Amongst Obese, Overweight and Normal Weight Subjects-A Narrative Review of Human and Animal Evidence. Behav Sci (Basel). 2017; 7(1):4.
  21. Trepanowski JF, et al. Effect of Alternate-Day Fasting on Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Cardioprotection Among Metabolically Healthy Obese Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2017; 177(7):930-8.
  22. Varady KA. Intermittent versus daily calorie restriction: which diet regimen is more effective for weight loss? Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2011; 12(7):e593-601.
  23. Altman BJ, et al. Autophagy: not good OR bad, but good AND bad. Autophagy. 2009; 5(4):569-70.
  24. Redman LM, et al. Metabolic Slowing and Reduced Oxidative Damage with Sustained Caloric Restriction Support the Rate of Living and Oxidative Damage Theories of Aging. Cell Metabolism. 2018; 27(4):805-15.e4.
  25. Mattson MP, et al. Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes. Ageing Res Rev. 2017; 39:46-58.
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  27. Colman RJ, et al. Caloric Restriction Delays Disease Onset and Mortality in Rhesus Monkeys. Science. 2009; 325(5937):201.
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